Egyptian Theatre

Khan! Willow! Anakin!

“ILM and the Genesis of Computer Generated Visual Effects” was night two’s presentation. Patricia Blau, Senior Vice President of Production for Lucasfilm; renowned visual effects supervisor Dennis Muren; and computer effects artist Stefan Fangmeier were present.

Blau took the audience on a trip through ILM’s past, beginning with early-computerized animation on "Star Trek: The Wrath Of Khan." The birth of the planet Genesis showed ILM’s early promise of digital visual effects to come. Some of the achievements included the Stained Glass Man in "Young Sherlock Holmes" (1985), morphing techniques in "Willow" (1988) "Terminator 2: Judgment Day" (1991); the advanced computer animation of the psuedopod in "The Abyss" (1989); fur on “Kitty” in "The Flintstones" (1994); facial movement in a digital character Draco in "Dragonheart" (1996), and digital environments in "Star Wars: Episode II—Attack Of The Clones." The effects in "Khan" were pretty spectacular in 1982, but the effects as seen in "Star Wars: Episode II," produced twenty years later, shows how far ILM has advanced itself.

From The Sight Of Scary Dinosaurs To The Sounds Of Sinking Ships

Visual effects artists Dennis Muren and Dan Taylor were on-hand to discuss their work on the digital dinosaurs of the "Jurassic Park" films (1993, 1997, and 2001). Disciples of the stop-motion work of Ray Harryhausen, Muren, and Taylor studied the movements of real animals to create the weight and pure awe associated with the dinosaurs of "Jurassic Park." Progression of select effects sequences were shown to illustrate the monumental task of combining digital dinosaurs with real people, live environments and digital actors. Once combined, these elements made the dinosaurs seem very real, scaring up long lines at the boxoffice each time a "Jurassic Park" film came out.

Dennis Muren and Chris Boyes

During the same program, Skywalker Sound’s Chris Boyes spoke about the complexities of creating a soundtrack for the "Jurassic" films. Many of the sound effects elements came from the real world.

“I’ve literally recorded every animal on the planet,” said Boyes. The voice of the T-Rex, for instance, came from a baby elephant. According to Boyes, it was essential to break down the elements of sound to create resonating sounds for the dinosaur characters in the films. Establishing the voice of the T-Rex was one of the keys of making it realistic, despite the fact the he’s been extinct for over 65 million years.

The James Cameron Connection

Set to make an appearance at the ILM/Skywalker Sound Tribute was writer/director, James Cameron. But due to the continuing post-production on his upcoming 3-D IMAX film, "Ghosts Of The Abyss," he couldn’t make it. The audience that night was still fortunate to be able to hear from Muren, Boyes, and sound designer Gary Rydstrom.

Visual effects sequences were once again the highlight of the ILM section of the program. Clips from "The Abyss" and "Terminator 2: Judgment Day" were shown in magnificent 70mm, and clips from "Titanic" (1997) were shown in 35mm.

Regarding the visual effects for the groundbreaking "The Abyss," Cameron was at first reluctant to work with ILM. Muren pointed out that at the time, Cameron felt that ILM was too big of a company and wasn’t sure if it could work for him. But after speaking with Muren about some of the visuals that could be performed, Cameron came away impressed. Muren was one of the many artists who created the now-famous “psuedopod,” a body of water that snakes itself through the interior of the submerged vessel in the film.

Cameron’s involvement with Skywalker Ranch continued on with the spectacular visual effects and sound design on T2. Gary Rydstrom and Boyes worked extensively on the film’s signature sound design and soundtrack. When Cameron approached the sound designers at Skywalker Sound, he had one request: he wanted the sound to be big. And as it is well known, Cameron is very much into working on many elements of his films. On "Titanic," Cameron was insistent that dynamic range on the soundtrack was used. In other words, loud moments of the ship’s sinking would be balanced out with quieter moments of Rose’s (Kate Winslet) journey through the flooded hallways of the lower decks. That way, the audience wouldn’t be bombarded with constantly loud sounds. The more constant loud sounds on a soundtrack, the more the loudness becomes more like “pink noise,” as Randy Thom described later on in the series.

A Tribute To Skywalker Sound

Though it may be hard to believe, Skywalker Sound began in George Lucas’s basement in the mid-1970s. He enlisted help from a recent University of Southern California graduate, Ben Burtt, to create the now famous sound effects for "Star Wars." Flash forward to present day, Skywalker Sound, as it is now known, has performed sound design, Foley, sound effects editing, and soundtrack mixing on hundreds of films, commercials, video games and IMAX large format films. In the process, the artists and company have collected numerous awards and praise from the movie industry and audiences alike.

Present for the Tribute to Skywalker Sound were Gary Rydstrom, Randy Thom, Richard Hymns, and General Manager, Glen Kiser. Each sound expert spoke about the complexities of culminating hundreds of sound effects and music into a coherent soundtrack for films.

Clips from "Luxo Jr." (1986), digital sound clips from "Contact" (1997), "Saving Private Ryan" (1998), "Cast Away" (2000), "Monsters, Inc." (2001), "Minority Report" (2002), and a 70mm six-track magnetic clip from Ron Howard’s "Backdraft" (1991) were shown. The soundtracks were nothing short of stunning. Every nuance of the work by Skywalker’s Rydstrom, Thom, and Hymns, among others, was clearly heard that evening. Too bad many audiences, even in this day and age of digital sound, don’t always hear what the filmmaker and sound designers intended. Paul Rayton, the chief projectionist for the Cinematheque and his staff, ensured that the audience was treated to first-class projection and sound for the first weekend of the tribute.

What? Today’s Visual Effects Aren’t All-Digital?

It may be easy to presume that today’s visual effects are all made inside of a computer. Though computers have had a major impact on how fantasy witches and futuristic spaceships fly, much work is still done in miniature model work. ILM’s Model Shop was in the spotlight during the second week of the tribute.

Model makers Jeff Mann, Lorne Peterson, and Steve Gawley showed their remarkable model work spanning back to the original "Star Wars." Many of the spectacular shots in movies, like the Freeling family home imploding into ghostly oblivion in "Poltergeist" (1982), the minecar chase in "Indiana Jones And The Temple Of Doom" (1984), the realistic planes in "Always" (1989) and the battle arena in "Star Wars: Episode II - Attack of the Clones" (2002), were works from the ILM Model Shop.

Jeff Mann, Steve Gawley and Lorne Peterson

So-called analog models and miniatures have combined in recent years to push further the visual effects envelope. Mann was a model himself, having donned a special suit for computer artists to eventually render the “Stained Glass Man” in "Young Sherlock Holmes." In "Mars Attacks!" (1996) model sets and CGI were composited for the first time together.

Even though Lucasfilm has been pushing digital technology in film for years, good old-fashioned model making is still in vogue. So much in vogue that the models have traveled the world for museum exhibitions.

Ben Burtt And A Thousand Sound Effects

Part of the Skywalker Sound tribute focused on the work of Ben Burtt. As a film student at the University of Southern California (USC), sound designer Ben Burtt was known as the “go-to guy” for sound effects. One day, he was approached by producer Gary Kurtz to create the sound for a “Wookiee” for a film then called "The Star Wars." He ended up creating most of the signature sound effects for the film, as well as creating an entirely new way of how sound effects would sound in films for years to come.

For "Star Wars," Burtt was tempted to create scientifically oriented effects, much like those used in "2001: A Space Odyssey" (1968). But after he approached George Lucas, “science was thrown out the window,” as Burtt said. And both Lucas and Kurtz wanted stereophonic sound with an epic feel. The end result was an organic sound design, where even in the vacuum of space, laser beams swooshed and one could hear the explosion of a Death Star. Organic sounds, it was reasoned, would somehow be familiar to audiences. Burtt was rewarded for his work on the original "Star Wars" when the Academy awarded him a Special Achievement Oscar for Sound Effects.

Ben Burtt and a fan

Burtt’s work in the "Star Wars" and "Indiana Jones" films broke down conventional sound effects. Case in point, the punching sounds in "Raiders Of The Lost Ark" (1981) could’ve been the standard Hollywood western “slap” sound heard in hundreds of films. Yet Indy’s punches, though exaggerated, seemed more real and visceral than a real-life punch.

Another impressive demonstration was the screening of the famous Speeder Bike sequence from "Return Of The Jedi." This clip, from the 1997 Special Edition and presented in digital sound, showcased how drama could effectively be achieved entirely through the use of sound effects rather than music.

The evening was like going back to the glory days of fantastic film presentation. Among the clips included in the program were vintage 70mm reels from "Star Wars," "The Empire Strikes Back," "Willow," and "Indiana Jones And The Last Crusade" (1989). Though some sections of the reels were faded or scratched, they still were more impressive than many of today’s prints on newer film stock, and not grainy. And the magnetic Dolby Stereo sound was rich and full, showcasing Burtt’s and the entire sound team’s fine work.

Big Stomping Monsters!

"Star Wars: Episode II—Attack of the Clones" was a mammoth production for Lucasfilm Ltd. George Lucas utilized a number of digital techniques, from cinematography to effects work to make the film. Part of the ILM family is a group of digital artists featuring Rob Coleman, Pablo Helman, and John Knoll, who helped create a number of visual effects images in Clones. They were featured in a tribute called “The All-Digital Magic of Star Wars: Episode II—Attack of the Clones.”

Pablo Helman

As can be seen on the DVD of the movie, digital artists employed a number of compositing effects to create a scene. One of the best scenes in the film is the chase through the skyways of Coruscant. Lighting effects, digital fog, computer generated cars, actors Hayden Christensen and Ewan McGregor, and digital cityscapes made for a seamless combination to complete the scene.

Another example of digital workmanship takes place during the attempted execution of Skywalker, Amidala, and Kenobi in the battle arena. Big stomping monsters, as they’re lovingly called at ILM, come out of the arena gates to kill their prey. In a nod to effects wizard Ray Harryhausen, the digital monsters walked and acted much like those giant creatures in the old Sinbad films. The artists also looked for inspiration from real animals in the wild, like elephants and rhinos.

The camera technology was also a subject of this portion of the tribute with John Knoll, who with his brother, Thomas, developed the popular Photoshop computer program. In regard to Lucas and the use of digital cinematography, Knoll commented that, “No question, in my mind, the whole (motion picture) industry is going that way.” He stated that Lucas is using the next generation of digital cameras on "Star Wars: Episode III [Revenge Of The Sith]."

Digital Characters

The next to last tribute** was “Hair, Fur, Feathers & Faces-Making Digital Characters Look Real.” Rob Coleman, Steve Sullivan, and James Tooley were on-hand from ILM to discuss their work.

Coleman humorously noted that he was the man responsible for bringing Jar Jar Binks to life. But he was also responsible for bringing digital Yoda to life. Like animators in traditional 2D animation, they use their own face in a mirror at their desk to bring out emotions and looks in digital characters. Coleman was particularly proud of the performance of Watto in "Clones." This was an exceptional accomplishment in digital animation, considering that the first digital character in a live-action film was the Stained Glass Man in "Young Sherlock Holmes." In contrast, he was pretty flat and not emotionally engaging. Watto, much like a human being, expresses emotion through his eyes upon meeting an older Anakin Skywalker. One senses he is thinking and trying to remember, “Who is this man?”

Each artist showed pictures and video of some of their work. One of the buzz words as of late in film is using a “digital double.” ILM is well in tune to using them. Many of the puppies in "101 Dalmatians" (1996) were digital doubles. Many stunts are now performed by digital doubles. In the case of Clones, some parts of Count Dooku’s face, played by Christopher Lee, were digitally inserted on a stunt double. One has to look real close to see these tricks of the ILM trade.

Lucas and Company

Final Analysis

For those who grew up watching and hearing the films that ILM and Skywalker Sound worked on, the tribute was astounding. Here was an opportunity to listen to George Lucas, in a rare public appearance, talk about the marvels of "Star Wars." For all of the criticism of the latest chapters in the "Star Wars" films, and Lucas’s extensive use of CGI and blue- and green-screen, even some of the most jaded critics could appreciate his vision of making epic films with state-of-the-art technology. If his films are too technical, why do people still show up in droves to see them?

This was also a chance to meet, or at least listen to, some of the people who work at Skywalker Ranch. In the world of visual effects and sound, the names of Muren, Burtt, and Rydstrom, to name a few, are the equivalent of top tier athletes in the world of sports. Their gathering was like attending an all-star game.

The precedent that George Lucas set for ILM and Skywalker Sound (previously known as Sprocket Systems) back in the mid-’70s, carries on through the beginning of the 21st century. From the hum of lightsabers to the ferocity of The Hulk, the magicians of Skywalker Ranch will continue to amaze audiences for years to come.

Special thanks to Ellen Pasternack, Dennis Bartok and his staff, Suzy Starke, and Michael Coate

*The original Trilogy appeared on DVD on September 21, 2004, and indeed contained a number of changes to the original films.

**The author of this article was unable to attend the final tribute in the series, “ILM: Into The 21st Century.”